Saturday, June 29, 2013

                Group 7                        Class    XII IPA 1
Ayi Abdul Basith
Ilham Fahmi Taufik
Luthfi Ramdhani
Moch. Hilman Fauzi
Ridwan Nulhakim
Yusfitra Rizky

Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the energy crisis. the debate whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end. some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits. some other, however, disagree because of its risk to the environment.
Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactor usually argue that nuclear energi is the only feasible choice to answer the ever increasing enery needs. However, people who disagree with the use of nuclear produst completly destroy environtment and human lives.

ADVANTAGE
Technology and the use of nuclear techniques can benefit and contribute greatly to the economic development and welfare. In the field of medicine, nuclear engineering contributed no less, that is, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy therapy (3D-CRT), which can develop surgical methods using ionizing radiation as a scalpel. With this technique, the cases of malignant tumors that are difficult to reach with conventional scalpel can be resolved, even without damaging other tissue.
As compared to other conventional energy sources, Nuclear power produces very less amount of pollution. Very small amount of raw material is required to generate huge amount of nuclear energy. To put it into perspective, about 28gm of Uranium releases as much amount of energy as is generated by 100 metric tonnes of coal.
Since they are required in small quantities, atomic materials can be easily transported to far-off places even at a global scale. Thus transportation is easy unless you are considering security part of it. If nuclear power stations are operated upto their full capacity they can produce cheap electricityand gain from other benefits of Nuclear energy.
The quantity of nuclear waste produced is also small. Cons of this advantage are discussed in Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy. It is a very reliable source of energy. The average life span of a nuclear reactor is approx. 40 years which can be extended upto 60 years. Nuclear power stations are usually very compact compared to thermal stations.
Although the initial capital cost of building a nuclear plant is high, the maintenance and running costs are relatively low. Nuclear power has great prospects in the near future as nuclear power plants are efficient and do not produce any kind of pollution, unlike other sources. All in all, if nuclear energy is implemented extensively and its potential is exploited well, it would bring down the use of other important conventional sources of energy.
Nuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large amount of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the world's electricity is generated through nuclear energy. The biggest advantage of this energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they cause global warming and climate change. As there is no emission of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment.
The burning of fossil fuels result in emission of the poisonous carbon dioxide. It is a menace to the environment as well as human life. There is no release of carbon di-oxide at the time of nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates a large amount of energy. Currently, the high reserves of uranium found on Earth, are expected to last for another 100 years. High amount of energy can be generated from a single nuclear power plant. Also, nuclear fuel is inexpensive and easier to transport.

DISADVANTAGE
The nations of the world now have more than enough nuclear bombs to kill every person on Earth. The two most powerful nations -- Russia and the United States -- have about 50,000 nuclear weapons between them. What if there were to be a nuclear war? What if terrorists got their hands on nuclear weapons? Or what if nuclear weapons were launched by accident?
Nuclear explosions produce radiation. The nuclear radiation harms the cells of the body which can make people sick or even kill them. Illness can strike people years after their exposure to nuclear radiation.
One possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltdown. In such an accident, the fission reaction goes out of control, leading to a nuclear explosion and the emission of great amounts of radiation.
In 1979, the cooling system failed at the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Radiation leaked, forcing tens of thousands of people to flee. The problem was solved minutes before a total meltdown would have occurred. Fortunately, there were no deaths.
In 1986, a much worse disaster struck Russia's Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In this incident, a large amount of radiation escaped from the reactor. Hundreds of thousands of people were exposed to the radiation. Several dozen died within a few days. In the years to come, thousands more may die of cancers induced by the radiation.
Nuclear reactors also have waste disposal problems. Reactors produce nuclear waste products which emit dangerous radiation. Because they could kill people who touch them, they cannot be thrown away like ordinary garbage. Currently, many nuclear wastes are stored in special cooling pools at the nuclear reactors.

The United States plans to move its nuclear waste to a remote underground dump by the year 2010 (two thousand and ten). In 1957(one thousand nine hundred and fivety seven), at a dump site in Russia's Ural Mountains, several hundred miles from Moscow, buried nuclear wastes mysteriously exploded, killing dozens of people. Nuclear reactors only last for about forty to fifty years.

A
djective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Seperti telah kita ketahui, adjektiva adalah kata yang menerangkan nomina. Jadi, adjective clause juga berfungsi demikian, yaitu memberi keterangan pada nomina.
Adjective clause adalah tanggungan klausul yang memodifikasi sebuah kata benda. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat berikut untuk membentuk satu kalimat yang berisi Adjective clause.
* The children are going to visit the museum.
* They are on the bus.
The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
Dalam kalimat di atas, ada dua cara lain untuk menulis kalimat dengan benar menggunakan kalimat kedua sebagai Adjective clause :
* The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
* The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.

Beberapa kalimat lain dapat dikombinasikan menjadi kalimat dengan menggunakan Adjective clause dalam berbagai cara, dan mereka semua benar. Perhatikan berbagai cara di mana dua kalimat berikut dapat dikombinasikan.
* The church is old.
* My grandparents were married there.
The church where my grandparents were married is old.
The church in which my grandparents were married is old.
The church which my grandparents were married in is old.
The church that my grandparents were married in is old.
The church my grandparents were married in is old.

Dalam kalimat di atas, Adjective clause digaris bawahi. Semua jawaban yang benar. Perhatikan penggunaan kata “in” dan bagaimana dan di mana ia digunakan. Adjective clause dimulai dengan relative pronoun atau relative adverb.
Berikut ini beberapa contoh adjective clause:

Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun
Contoh:
* The man who is sitting over there is my father.
* The book which you bought yesterday is very interesting.
* This is the place that I visited some years ago.
* Mr. Bambang whose son is my friend is presenting a paper in a seminar.

Adjective clause dengan relative adverb
Contoh:
* This is the reason why she did it.
* The time when the plane takes off and lands will be changed soon.
* Palembang is the place where I was born.

Dalam contoh-contoh di atas bisa kita lihat bahwa adjective clause tersebut menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).
Misalnya:
* Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the man.
* Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.

Pada titik tertentu dalam tulisan Anda dalam bahasa Inggris, Anda harus mampu mengidentifikasi setiap kalimat yang Anda tulis seperti sederhana, senyawa, atau kompleks. Tambahan dua struktur, klausa kata sifat dan appositives, akan memberi Anda jauh lebih besar variasi kalimat yang di dalamnya untuk mencapai tujuan tulisan Anda. Halaman ini berisi sejumlah kecil informasi tentang klausa kata sifat bersama dengan hanya sepuluh latihan sangat sulit. Pertama, kita akan mendefinisikan apa klausa-klausa kata sifat dan bagaimana mereka bekerja.
Pembahasan pada Adjective Clause terfokus pada jenis-jenis Conjuction atau kata sambung yang digunakan, sehingga penamaan adjective clause juga mengikuti nama-nama conjunction yang digunakan, yaitu :

1. Relative Pronoun
...a. Relative Pronoun as Subject (RPS)           : who, that, which
...b. Relative Pronoun as Object (RPO)           : who(m), that, which
...c. Relative Pronoun as Possessive (RPP)
2. Relative Quantity and Quality (RQQ)
3. Relative Adverb
...a. Relative Adverb of Time (RAT)                : when
...b. Relative Adverb of Place (RAP)               : where
...c. Realtive Adver of Reason (RAR)              : why

Penggunaan
- Who
digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi subjek (human as subject).
- Whom
digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object).
- Which
digunakan untuk benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human as subject/objek)
- Whose
digunakan untuk kepemilikan
Contoh dari Adjective Clause :
1. Who
The student who doesn’t study seriously will not pass.
2. Whom
The girl whom I introduce to you last week is my student.
3. Which
The animal which runs quicly named lion.
4. Whom
The student whose hat is yellow is lazy student.




C
onjunction atau connector atau kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan/menggabungkan kata dengan kata yang lain, phrase dengan phrase yang lain, atau clause dengan clause yang lain.
Ada 3 tipe conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, dan subordinating conjunctions.

1). Coordinating conjunctions
Conjuctions ini digunakan untuk menggabungkan kata dengan kata yang lain, menggabungkan phrase dengan phrase yang lain, atau kalimat dengan kalimat yang lain. Yang dihubungkan oleh conjunction tipe ini harus merupakan element kalimat yang sama, misalnya: subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence.
Ada 7 coordinating conjunctions yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Untuk mempermudah mengingatnya coba gunakan akronim ini: FANBOYS; F untuk for, A untuk and, N untuk nor, dan seterusnya.
Contoh:
1.      The boy keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark. (Anak itu membiarkan lampunya menyala karena dia takut tidur dalam keadaan gelap).
2.      He has one good dictionary and at least 3 good English books. (Dia punya 1 kamus bagus dan paling tidak 3 buku bahasa Inggris bagus).
3.      She is a vegetarian. She will not eat beef, nor will she eat chicken. (Dia seorang vegetarian. Dia tidak akan makan daging sapi, dia juga tidak akan makan daging ayam).
4.      She is cute but evil. (Dia cantik tapi jahat).
5.      Do you want to go with me or to stay home? (Apakah kamu mau ikut saya atau tinggal di rumah?).
6.      I didn’t study, yet I passed the exam. (Saya tidak belajar, tetapi saya lulus).
7.      My dad was very tired, so he went to bed earlier. (Papa saya sangat capek, oleh karena itu dia pergi tidur lebih awal).
Note:
·         Gunakan koma sebelum conjunction jika conjunction tersebut menggabungkan dua kalimat. Koma juga digunakan jika conjunctions menggabungkan lebih dari 2 kata atau phrase. Contoh: We studied math, physicsand chemistry last semester.
·         For juga berfungsi sebagai preposition. Sebagai preposisiton, for diikuti oleh noun. Contoh: I am waiting for a cab. (i.e. cab = taxi)
·         Yet juga berfungsi sebagai adverb. Contoh: I haven’t finished reading this article yet.
·         So = as jika diikuti oleh adjective/adverb.

2). Paired conjunctions/Correlative conjunctions
Conjunctions ini juga menggabungkan element-element kalimat seperti di atas. Bedanya adalah selalu digunakan secara berpasangan.

both…and
either…or
not only…but also
neither…nor

Contoh:
1.      Both my sister and my brother can play the guitar. My sister dan my brother dua-duanya bisa main gitar).
2.      He is not only handsome but also smart. (Dia bukan saja tampan tapi juga pintar). Note: jika not only diletakkan di awal kalimat, lakukan inversi terhadap auxiliary/be/do,does,did ke depan subject kalimat. Jadi kalimat ini juga dapat ditulis: Not only is he handsome but also smart.
3.      Either the students or the teacher is going to go to the museum tomorrow. (Baik murid-murid maupun guru akan pergi ke museum besok).
4.      Neither John, Sussie nor I have a good studying habit. (Baik John, Sussie maupun saya tidakpunya kebiasaan belajar yang baik). Mungkin, belajarnya hanya jika ada ujian.
Note:
Dengan perkecualian both…and, jika corrective conjunctions menggabungkan singular dan plural subjects, bentuk verb (apakah singular atau plural) ditentukan oleh subject yang paling dekat dengan (yang langsung diikuti oleh) verb tersebut.
Perhatikan:
Pada contoh 3 digunakan is going to (bukan are going to) karena langsung mengikuti the teacher (singular subject). Pada contoh 4 digunakan have (bukan has) karena langsung mengikuti I. Sekarang coba kita perhatikan penulisannya, ketika posisi subjectnya diputar:
1.      Either the teacher or the students are going to go to the museum tomorrow. (Baik guru maupun murid-murid akan pergi ke museum besok).
2.      Neither John, I nor Sussie has a good studying habit. (Baik John, saya maupun Sussie tidak punya kebiasaan belajar yang baik).

3). Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjuctions adalah kata-kata yang dapat digunakan untuk membentuk adverbial clause (yang umumnya merupakan anak kalimat /subordinate clause) dari kalimat pokok (main clause). Jumlah conjunctions tipe ini sangat banyak dan pada umumnya adalah adverbs.
Conjunction tipe ini dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 5, yaitu conjunction yang menyatakan waktu (time), sebab akibat (cause dan effect), makna berlawanan (opposition), tujuan (purpose), dan pengandaian (conditional).

a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu (time).

Waktu
after (setelah)
till (hingga/sampai)
the first time (pertama kali)
before (sebelum)
as soon as (segera setelah)
the second time (kedua kali)
when (ketika)
once (segera setelah)
the last time (terakhir kali)
while (sementara)
as long as (sepanjang)
the next time (kali berikut)
as (sementara)
so long as (sepanjang)
by the time
since (sejak)
whenever (setiap kali)
until (hingga/sampai)
every time (setiap kali)

Contoh:
1.      We will play football after we finish doing the homework. (Kami akan main bola setelah kami selesai mengerjakan PR).
2.      Before they got married last month, they had been seeing each other for almost ten years. (Sebelum mereka kawin bulan lalu, mereka telah pacaran selama hampir 10 tahun).
3.      When I got home last night, someone was trying to break into my house. (Ketika saya tiba di rumah tadi malam, seseorang sedang mencoba masuk ke rumah saya). Note: Break into = masuk biasanya karena berniat jahat, i.e. mau mencuri, ect.)
4.      A friend of mine felt asleep on his desk while the teacher was teaching. (Teman saya tertidur di mejanya sementara pak guru menerangkan).
5.      She has turned into a different person since she became a famous artist. (Dia telah berubah menjadi orang yang berbeda sejak dia menjadi artis terkenal).
6.      I will keep studying hard until the final exam is over next week. (Saya akan terus belajar keras sampai ujian akhir selesai minggu depan).
7.      We will leave as soon as the rain stops. (Kita akan pergi/berangkat segera setelah hujan berhenti).
8.      As long as I live, I will never see your fucking ugly face again. (Selama saya hidup, saya tidak akan pernah mau lihat wajah kamu (yang sangat jelek) lagi). Subject ‘I’ sangat, sangat marah nih.
9.      Whenever I look at her picture, my heart beats fast. (Setiap kali saya pandang fotonya, jantung saya berdetak kencang).
10.  The first time we went to Bali, we went to Tanah Lot. (Pertama kali kami pergi ke bali, kami pergi ke Tanah Lot).
11.  The next time I play you, I will kick your ass. (Kali berikut saya main (lawan) kamu, saya akan kalahkan kamu. Note: kick your ass = kick your butt = mengalahkan. Sangat informal.

b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab akibat (cause-effect).

Sebab akibat
because (karena)
inasmuch as (karena)
so…that (sehingga)
since (karena)
now that (karena sekarang)
such …that (sehingga)
as (karena)

Contoh:
1.      He got an accident because he drove while he was drunk. (Dia mendapat kecelakaan karena dia nyetir sementara mabuk).
2.      I passed that course easily since the questions were very easy. (Saya lulus mata kuliah itu dengan mudah karena soal-soalnya sangat mudah).
3.      Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest for a few days and then take a trip to Bali. (Karena sekarang semesteran sudah selesai, saya akan istrahat selama beberapa hari kemudian tamasya ke Bali).
4.      As she had nothing to do, she asked me to come over to her house. (Karena dia tidak ada yang dikerjakan, dia meminta saya pergi ke rumahnya).
5.      Inasmuch as the two countries’ leaders didn’t reach an agreement, the possibility of war between the two countries remains open. (Karena kedua kepala negara tidak mencapai suatu kesepakatan, kemungkinan adanya perang antara kedua negara tersebut masih tinggi).
6.      The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it. (Kopinya begitu panas, oleh karena itu, saya tidak dapat meminumnya).
7.      He has such a nice body that a lot of girls are attracted to him. (Dia punya badan yang begitu bagus, oleh karena itu, banyak cewek yang tertarik padanya).

c. Untuk menyatakan makna yang berlawanan (opposition).

Makna yang Berlawanan
although (walaupun
even though (walaupun)
while (sedangkan)
though (walaupun)
whereas (sedangkan)
no matter (tidak memandang)

Contoh:
1.      Although he is not tall, he is a very good volleyball player. (Walaupun dia tidak tinggi, dia seorang pemain bola volley yang sangat hebat).
2.      Jenny is rich, whereas Joni is poor. (Jenny kaya sementara Joni miskin).
3.      No matter how hard I tried, the math problems couldn’t be solved. (Tidak memandang betapa kerasnya saya mencoba, soal-soal matematika itu tidak dapat dipecahkan/diselesaikan).

d. Untuk menyatakan tujuan (purpose).

Tujuan
in order to (agar)
in order (that) (agar)
so that (agar)

Contoh:
1.      During the class, we need to be quiet in order to be able to listen to what the teacher says.
2.      I turned off the TV so that my roommate could study well.
3.      I turned off the TV in order (that) my roommate could study well.
4.      They keep practicing their English in order (that) their English improves steadily. (Mereka terus berlatih bahasa Inggris agar bahasa Inggrisnya terus meningkat).
Note: a) in order to diikuti oleh verbs, sedangkan in order (that) dan so that diikuti oleh clause (i.e. S +V). b). Arti so that di sini berbeda dengan so that untuk menyatakan sebab akibat. Perhatikan juga perbedaan polanya.

e. Untuk menyatakan pengandaian (conditional).

Conditional
if (jika)
whether or not
in case (that) (jika)
unless (jika tidak)
even if (walaupun jika)
providing (that) = if or only if
only if (hanya jika)
in the event (that)
provided (that) = if or only if

Contoh:
1.      If my parents were not home, I would invite my friends to come over. (jika orangtua saya tidak di rumah, saya akan undang teman-teman saya datang ke rumah).
2.      I will go unless it rains. (Saya akan pergi jika tidak hujan). Note: unless = if…not. Jadi, kalimataya dapat ditulis menjadi: I will go if it doesn’t rain.
3.      I don’t care no more whether or not you want to study = I don’t care no more whether you want to study or not. (Saya tidak peduli lagi apakah kamu mau belajar atau tidak).
4.      I have decided to marry her. Even if my parents disagree, I am going to marry her. (Saya telah memutuskan untuk mengawininya. Walaupun jika orang tua saya tidak setuju, saya akan (tetap) mengawininya).
5.      I’ll be in the library in case you want to find me. Note: in case = if
6.      The general election will go to the second round only if no candidate gets 50% + 1 votes during the first round. (Pemilu akan masuk ke putaran kedua hanya jika tidak ada kandidat yang memiliki perolehan suara 50% + 1 waktu putaran pertama.
Note:
Jika only if diletakkan di awal kalimat, maka dilakukan inversi auxiliary/be/do,does,did) ke depan subject main clause. Kalimat ini dapat ditulis menjadi: Only if no candidate gets 50% + 1 votes will the general election go to the second round.



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