Uji Kandungan Makanan

FOOD TEST

(Glucose, Proteins, Fats, and Starch)

A.  Purpose

• Explain the link between structure, function, and processes as well as disorders or diseases that may occur in the gut of food in humans and animals (ex: ruminants).
• To know the organic content in any food such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats and mineral salts.

B.   Theory

The results of the analysis on a variety of organisms indicate that the protoplasm ± 36% is composed of chemical elements: O, C, H, N, P, Pt, S, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and some additional elements: Cu, Co, Mn, Zn. The fourth element is ± 90% of the protoplasm.

The elements above are usually found in the forms of both organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds needed by the body are carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. The fourth organic compound is absolutely required by the body as a provider of energy for body activities including for the growth and development, and get your body through the consumption of various types of food.

C.  Tools and Material

Tools	Materials
1.        Plat drops	1.        Butter
2.       Test tube	2.       Tempe
3.        Bunsen heater	3.        Eggs
4.      Cotton	4.      Biscuits
5.        Stir bar	5.        Flour
6.       Tripod	6.       Solution of iodine
7.       Becker glass	7.       Fehling solution A and Fehling B
8.       Test tube rack	8.       Biuret solution
9.       Porcelain mortar (pestle)

D.  Step Work

  1)           Protein Content of Test

a)       All the necessary ingredients mashed, then diluted with aquades.

b)        Prepare the plate drops, insert the material to be tested in the plate drops.

c)        Each material tested ± 4-5 drops spilled biuret biuret solution and mix evenly.

d)        Observe the color change occurring and recorded the results in the observation table.

  2)          Test Content of Carbohydrates (Glucose)

a)       All the necessary ingredients mashed, then diluted with aquades.

b)       Setting up a test tube and insert material tested in a test tube as high as ± 1cm.

c)       Drops of each test tube with a solution of Fehling A and Fehling B (benedict) respectively then mixed 

        with  ±  4-5 drops evenly by rocking the tube.

d)        Heating over the Bunsen burner.

e)        Observe the color change and record the results in the observation table.

  3)           Test Content of starch

a)        All materials needed, and then diluted with aquades.

b)        Setting up a drip plate and insert the material that will experiment the plate drops.

c)        Dripping with ± 4-5 drops of iodine solution and mix evenly.

d)        Observe the color change and record the results in the observation table.

4)          Fat Content of Test

a)        Setting up a drip plate and insert the material to be tested in the plate drops.

b)        Taking a material that has been mashed and rubbed on newsprint.

c)        Hang in a place exposed to the sun until dry.

d)        Observe whether the paper is spread with food substances become transparent or not.

E.   Results Table Observation

Materials tested	Starch	Protein	Glucose	Fat
Tempe	Blue (+++)	Purple (++)	Red (+++)	-
Egg	Blue (++)	Purple (++)	Red (++)	(++)
Flour	Blue (++)	Purple (++)	Yellow (++)	-
Biscuits	Brown (++)	Green (++)	Red (++)	-
Butter	-	-	-	(++)

Description:
The contents of the test results of food with a sign:

+++	If a solid color, this indicates foods contain substances that are tested.
++	If the desired color is less, this indicates less foods contain substances that are tested.
-	If no changes in the desired color in accordance with the substance tested.

 

 CONCLUSION

            For human survival requires food in the body, the food was processed by the digestive system of food into the food which is then absorbed by the body. According to its utility, food substances can be classified as a producer of energy (fat, carbohydrate), and as a builder (protein), as well as a regulator (vitamins, minerals, and water).

Glucose-containing food substances can be tested with drops of Fehling A and B, if the food turns red after a heated brick, then the food contains glucose. From the above experimental results obtained containing glucose very much is tempe.

Food substances containing starch can be tested with dilute Lugol drops, if the color shows up black and blue, it means the food contains starch. From the above experimental results obtained containing starch very much is tempe.

Substances foods containing protein, can be etched with Biuret test, if the color changed to purple means the food contains protein substances. From the above experimental results obtained containing protein very much are tempe, eggs, flour, and biscuits.

Testing can be done by dripping fat food substances on scrap paper, scrap paper if the dry substance is transparent then the food contains fat. From the above experimental results obtained containing fat very much are butter and eggs.

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Uji Kandungan Urin

URINALYSIS

A.   The Basic Competencies

Explain relatedness between structure, function and process, anomaly/diseases that can be occurred on the human and animal excretion. (e.g. fish and insect)

B.   Indicators

Identify the content of urine.

C.   Purpose

Analyze urine pH.

Recognize there are urea and chloride in the urine.

To analyze disturbance of kidney from the test.

D.  Theory

            1)       The kidneys and Homeotasis

The kidneys are organs of homeostasis for four main reasons :

a)      The kidneys excrete metabolic wastes such as urea which is the primary nitrogenous waste of humans.

b)        Maintain the water-salt balance and therefore the pH balance.

c)        Secrete hormons.

            2)      Urine formation

An average human produces between 1 and 2 liters of urine daily.

Urine contains :

a)       Urine (and other wastes).

b)        Sodium chlorides (and other ions).

c)        Hydrogen’s ion.

d)        Drug and poisons.

E.   Tools and Materials

             1)        Reaction tubes

             2)       Universal indicators

             3)        Clamp

             4)      Palette

             5)        Becker glass

             6)       AgNO₃ 5%

             7)       Benedict solution or fehling A and fehling B solution

             8)       Biuret Solution (comprise of CuSo₄ 1% solution and NaOH 10% solution)

             9)       Urine

           10)       Burner of rubbing alcohol

F.    Step Work

Activity 1 (Measuring urine pH)

1)        Plugging indicator universal paper into urine.

2)       Observe change of urine colour.

3)        Comparing its colour with standard of pH.

4)      How many its pH and what is the meaning of its?

    Activity 2 (Recognizing aroma of ammonia from result of decompositions of urea in urine)

1)        Heating with lamp of spirtus.

2)       How its aroma?

 

     Activity 3 (Knowing content of chlor in urine)

1)        Pouring 2ml urine into containing reaction tube of urine.

2)       Adding 5 drip of AgNO₃ 5%.

3)        What is happened?

Activity 4 (Test of glucose)

1)        Content reaction tube with 2ml of urine.

2)       Adding 2 drip of benedict solution (fehling A and fehling B).

3)        Heating with lamp fire of spirtus, note its result.

4)      What is your conclusion about urine which you investigate?

Activity 5 (Test of protein)

1)        Pouring 2ml urine into reaction tube.

2)       Adding 5 drip NaOH 10% solution and let about 5 minute.

3)        Adding CuSO₄ 1% about 5 drip.

4)      Observe its result and note. 

5)        What is your conclusion that can you take from this observation? Explain it!

 

 

      Question :

1.        What does content of urine?

2.       From urine test, is there the different colour? What factor that affect that colour differences?

3.        Explain the process that cause the colour in human urine!

G.  Results Table Observation and Answer

NO	NAME	TEST OF AROMA		TEST OF CHLOR
		Information	Information		+/-
1	Achmad Bambang	Smell		Precipitation	+
2	Asri Pertiwi	Smell sting		Precipitation	+
3	Ayi Abdul Basith	Smell		Precipitation	+
4	Firman Sandhika	Smell sting		Precipitation	+
5	Yaumi Hafidah	Smell		Precipitation	+

NO	NAME	TEST OF PROTEIN		TEST OF GLUCOSE
		Information	+/-	Information	+/-
1	Achmad Bambang	Green	-	Green	-
2	Asri Pertiwi	Purple	+	Brown	-
3	Ayi Abdul Basith	Light blue	-	Light brown	-
4	Firman Sandhika	Blue-green	-	Yellow-green	-
5	Yaumi Hafidah	Dark green	-	Brown	-

NO	NAME	COLOR OF URINE	THE ACIDITY
		Information	Information pH
1	Achmad Bambang	Yellow	4
2	Asri Pertiwi	Yellow	4
3	Ayi Abdul Basith	Dark Yellow	5
4	Firman Sandhika	Yellow	4
5	Yaumi Hafidah	Dark yellow	5

         

Answer :

1.      Usually, urine contain of water with dissolved material in the form of waste products (like urea), dissolved salts, and organic matter. Fluid and urine-forming material from the blood or interstitial fluid. Urinary composition changed during the process of reabsorption when essential molecules for the body, such as glucose, are absorbed back into the body through a carrier molecule. The remaining fluid contains high levels of urea and other compounds that excess or potentially toxic to be dumped out of the body. So, urine not contain glucose, protein, and haven’t chlor cause if contain that material so our body have problem in excretion.

2.      Because different level dehydration everybody, people who do not suffer from dehydration will remove urine clear as water. Patients with dehydration will remove urine dark yellow or brown.

3.      Stage filtration produce primary urine contains water, protein, glucose, amino acids, urea and inorganic ions. Glucose, inorganic ions and amino acids are needed by the body. Stage of the reabsorption include glucose, amino acids, ions Na +, K +, Ca 2 +, Cl-, HCO3-, and-HbO42, whereas urea levels are higher. The results of this reabsorption phase is called the secondary urine or tubular filtrate. The content of secondary urine is water, salt, urea, and bile pigment that gives color and smell function in urine and finally phase expenditure.

 CONCLUSION

Based on above test results and their theories concerning it, in getting the things that excretion urine is needed to dispose of the remaining molecules in the blood is filtered by the kidneys and to maintain body fluid homeostasis. However, there are also some species that use urine as a means of olfactory communication. Urine is filtered in the kidney, ureter brought through to the bladder, eventually thrown out of the body through the urethra. Base on that result get are urine very acid are Achmad Bambang, Asri Pertiwi and Firman Sandhika with pH=4 and acid are Ayi Abdul Basith and Yaumi Hafidah with pH=5.

Base on that result get are urine cleaned from glucose, urine consists of water with dissolved material in the form of waste products (like urea), dissolved salts, and organic matter. Fluid and urine-forming material from the blood or interstitial fluid. Urinary composition changed during the process of reabsorption when essential molecules for the body, such as glucose, are absorbed back into the body through a carrier molecule. The remaining fluid contains high levels of urea and other compounds that excess or potentially toxic to be dumped out of the body. The material contained in the urine can be detected through urinalysis.

Urea is contained by the urine can be a good source of nitrogen for plants and can be used to accelerate the formation of compost. Diabetes is a disease that can be detected through urine. A diabetic urine contains sugar would not be found in the urine of healthy individuals.

Base on that result get are urine very smell sting are Asri Pertiwi and Firman Sandhika, cause included action from bacteria. The main function is to dispose of urine residual substances such as toxins or drugs from the body. Common assumption regard urine as a substance that is "dirty". This relates to the possibility of urine from the kidney or urinary tract infection, so the urine will contain bacteria. However, if the urine comes from the kidneys and urinary tract healthy, medically urine is actually quite sterile and almost odor generated from urea. So can said that urine is sterile substance.

Base on that result get are urine can be pointer to dehydration. People who do not suffer from dehydration will remove urine clear as water. Patients with dehydration will remove urine dark yellow or brown gotten Ayi Abdul Basith and Yaumi Hafidah are dehydration.

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