Laporan Praktikum Jaringan Hewan

I. Title

Animal tissues

II. Purpose

Students are able to make observations under the microscope against a variety of more tissue constituent organs of vertebrate animals or humans.

III. Theory

          Generally, there are four kinds of tissues in vertebrata and human; epithelium, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.

          Epithelium tissue is composed of dense cells that are arranged compactly. The tissue functions to protect other tissue underneath it from damage, transport interstitial or cavity substances, secrete many kinds of enzymes into the digestive system. It is composed of several layers, they are; simple squamous epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, stratified cuboid epithelium, transitional epithelium, and glandular epithelium. Is the tissue lining the surface of the body penutupi or organism, both the outer layer or inner layer (endothelium). There are functions;

- Absorption, as a means of absorption, is found in the small intestine.

- Secretion, as a means of producing a useful substance or liquid, is found in clogged gland.

- Transport, as a means of transport, was found in blood vessels and renal tubules.

- Excretion, as a means of disposal of metabolism à found in sweat glands.

- Protection, as a protective device, found on the skin.

- Sensory, as a means of receiving stimuli, was found in sensory organs.

Based on the function of the epithelium can be divided into three, namely the protection of the epithelium, glandular epithelium and sensory epithelium. There are two kinds of glands; firstly, exocrine glands: glands that results secretions flowed through the channel. Eg, sweat glands and oil glands, secondly endocrine glands: secretory glands that results are not flowed through the channel but directly into the blood. Eg, pituitary gland, adrenal and hormone.

Based on the shape and arrangement of cells, the epithelium differentiated:
- A layer of flattened epithelium: consists of a single layer of flat cells berbetuk. In the peritoneum, blood vessels, pembeluh limphe, alveolus, glomereus capsule.

- Many layered flat epithelium: composed of many layers of cells and flat-shaped outer layer. In the epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina and nasal cavity.

- Cube epithelium layer: consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells. In the nephron, ovary, eye lens.

- Epithelium-lined cube a lot: comprises many layers of cells and the outer layers of cuboid cells. In line oil and sweat glands.

- A layer of cylindrical epithelium: consists of a single layer of cylindrical cells. In the stomach, intestine, uterus.

- Lots of layered cylindrical epithelium: composed of many layers of cells and the outermost layer of cylindrical cells. In the urethra, pharynx, larynx, gastrointestinal mammary gland, salivary gland channels.

- A lot of pseudo-layered cylindrical epithelium (ciliated cylindrical): composed of many layers, but not clearly visible and the outermost layer of cylindrical ciliated cells. In the bronchus, trachea, nasal cavity.

- Transitional epithelium: A layered epithelial cell cannot be classified based on its shape, when the network inflates its shape changed. In the bladder, urethra.

          Connective tissue develops from mesenchyma that originates from the mesoderm. It is composed of matrix and tissue cells. The matrix is composed of fibers and basic substances. Matrix fiber is grouped into three types; collagen, elastin, and recticular fibers. Connective tissue is also called supporting tissue. It is composed of loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilaginous tissue, bone tissue, blood tissue, and lymph tissue.

Fat tissue (loose fibers) loose form, composed of fat cells, polygonal shaped / round, thin cell walls, cell-rich cavity cell containing oil drops. There beneath the lower layers of skin, kidney sekitrar, pads / lining of the joints, the long bone marrow. Function to store fat, food storage, cushioning, protection and insulation against heat. Loose connective tissue (loose) The composition of the cell length, the matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers. Wrap function of organs, blood vessels and nerves. Dense connective tissue fibers (clay). Tissue of connective fibers called white because it is made of collagen, which is white, is flexible but not elastic. Posted at fascia, ligaments, tendons and tendon membrane. The function of connecting various organs, eg bone to bone, muscles to bones (tendons). Bone tissue.

Osteon, consisting of bone cells (osteocytes) are stored in a matrix composed of collagen and adhesive substances precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium fosphat (Ca3 (PO4) 2). The process of increasing levels of lime so that bones become hard-called calcification / ossification. Forming cells called osteoblasts of bone tissue. Each unit cell of bone surrounding the blood vessels, and nerves forming limpha havers system.

Based on the arrangement of bone tissue matrix distinguished: spongy bone tissue (coral), when the hollow matrix, hard bone tissue (compact), if the matrix is ​​meeting or loud.

Function of bone: constituent order, where the muscles attach, protecting the weaker parts of the body,  as a means of passive motion, the formation of red blood cells, tissue of cartilage (cartilage).

Composed of cartilage cells and matrix contain kondrin, is elastic. In children cartilage derived from embryonic tissue (mesenchyme), whereas in adults comes from the lining of cartilage (perikondrium) which contains many konfroblast (cartilage forming cells).
There are three kinds of cartilage:

- Hyaline cartilage (hyaline cartilago), the matrix is ​​translucent or transparent, clear, shiny, bluish.

Contained in the joint surface, trachea, bronchi.

- Fibrous cartilage (fibrous) or cartilago fibrous, dark and murky matrix.

Contained on the disc between the vertebrae, the bone attachment of certain ligaments and joints the pubic bone.

- Elastic cartilage (cartilago elastin), the matrix is ​​cloudy yellowish color.

Located on the ear, epiglottis, pembuluh eustachius, larynx.

Tissue of blood circulates from the heart in arteries, veins and capillaries throughout the body and then back to the heart. Blood consists of blood plasma (blood fluid) which contain organic compounds, inorganic compounds, serum, water and blood cells which consist of:

- Erytrosit (red blood cells)

- Leucosit (white blood cells)

- Platelets (blood platelets)

Functions of blood: transports nutrients, hormones, gases per-spiro-and the rest of metabolism, preventing infectious germs, close the wound, maintain the stability of body temperature, limphe tissue (lymph nodes). Is part of the blood coming out of the blood vessels. Limphe is formed from liquid water, glucose, fat and salt. Cellular components of limphosit and granulocytes. Transport functions of tissue fluid, proteins, fats, mineral salts and other substances from the tissues into the blood vessel system.

Muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells. Movements of the body are enabled by the muscle tissue, through the mechanism of contractile fiber contraction. Contractile fiber consist of the proteins, actin and myosin. Muscle tissue is grouped into three types; smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle.

This tissue composed of muscle cells in charge of moving the various parts of the body, because it has the ability berkonteraksi. The ability of muscle contractions caused by a protein called aktomiosin on each miofibril. Various kinds of muscle:

Smooth muscle

- Cell-line plain not bergarin.

- Amounted to one and the cell nucleus is located in the middle.

- It works is not influenced consciousness (the brain).

- Reaction to the slow excitatory.

- Cell shape such as a coil.

- Regular employment, slow and long lasting.

- The function of propelling the tools.

Striated muscle / framework / latitude Seran

- Cell fibrous and streaky.

- Numerous cell nucleus and is located on the edge.

- Work influenced by awareness.

- Reaction to the rapid sensory.

- The form of cylindrical cells.

- Work irregular, rapid and durable.

- The function of moving the frame.

The heart muscle

- Cell filamentous, branched and striped.

- Amounted to one and the cell nucleus is located in the middle.

- Awareness of the work will not be affected.

- Reaction to the slow excitatory.

- The form of cylindrical cells ramify.

- Regular employment and durable.

- The function of heart muscle contraction.

Based on the nerves that influence it, including the voluntary muscles striated muscles so-called voluntary muscle, smooth muscle and muscle is the heart including the so-called involuntary muscle involuntary muscle. In cardiac muscle the relationship between one branch to another is called syncytium.

Nerve tissue is the tissue that is responsible for sending signals all over the body. This tissue is composed of neuron cells. Neuron consist of dendritis, a cell body, and an axon.

IV. Tools and Materials

__The First Practicum__

Practical tools

1)  Microscope 1 pieces

2) Object glass and cover glass

3)  Stationery

Materials Lab

1) Toothpick or matchstick

2) Metilen blue or other dyes

3)  Outer layer of the oral cavity

__The Second Practicum__

Practical tools

1)  Microscope 1 pieces

2) Preparation preserved 3 pieces

3)  Stationary

V. Step Work

__The First Practicum__

1)     Wet mount to observe the outer layer of the oral cavity were added methylene blue under the microscope with the smallest magnification.

2)     Drawing on field observations that have been provided.

3)       Shows the parts.

4)     Other questions answered by filling in the dots that have been provided.

__The Second Practicum__

      1)   Microscope to check equipment to be used.

     2)   Ensure the microscope is in good condition.

      3)   Set in the light microscope.

     4)   Using an object lens with the smallest size first.

      5)   Include preparations mounted just below the object lens.

      6) To observe.

VI. The Result of Experiment

__The First Practicum__

__The Second Practicum__

The first picture

The second picture

The third picture

VII. Conclusion

Generally, there are four kinds of tissues in vertebrata and human; epithelium, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.

Epithelium tissue is composed of dense cells that are arranged compactly. The tissue functions to protect other tissue underneath it from damage, transport interstitial or cavity substances, secrete many kinds of enzymes into the digestive system. It is composed of several layers, they are; simple squamous epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, stratified cuboid epithelium, transitional epithelium, and glandular epithelium.

Connective tissue develops from mesenchyma that originates from the mesoderm. It is composed of matrix and tissue cells. The matrix is composed of fibers and basic substances. Matrix fiber is grouped into three types; collagen, elastin, and recticular fibers.

Connective tissue is also called supporting tissue. It is composed of loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilaginous tissue, bone tissue, blood tissue, and lymph tissue.

Muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells. Movements of the body are enabled by the muscle tissue, through the mechanism of contractile fiber contraction. Contractile fiber consist of the proteins, actin and myosin. Muscle tissue is grouped into three types; smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Nerve tissue is the tissue that is responsible for sending signals all over the body. This tissue is composed of neuron cells. Neuron consist of dendritis, a cell body, and an axon.

VIII. Answer the Questions

1)  What tissues that you found?

Answer :

For the first practicum, we found epithelium tissue in outer layer of the oral cavity and for the second practicum we found bloods of human tissue, adrenal endocrine tissue and striated muscle tissue.

2) Mention the characteristics from each of tissue that you found?

Answer :

Characteristics from epithelium tissue; outer layer of the oral cavity included stratified squamous epithelium and composed of more than layer of flat cells, these cells are arranged very tight and compact and its function is as protective layers.

Characteristics from human blood tissue; called as specialized connective tissue formed by free-roaming cells and liquid matrix (plasma), blood cells develops and enter bloodstream as fully formed cells and its function to carry and distribute nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and metabolic waste and to prevent infection.

Characteristic from adrenal endocrine; is gland that lacks secretion tracts and the secretion of gland, called hormones, will directly enter the bloodstream.

Characteristic from striated muscle tissue; cells are cylindrical with average length of 3 cm, the fibers gather together in groups forming bundles called fascicule, skeletal muscle has several nuclei located on the periphery of the cell..

3) Located on the organs of the body that tissue you found?

Answer :

For the first practicum located epithelium in outer layer of oral cavity, for the second practicum; blood of human tissue located in bloodstream or all body, adrenal endocrine tissue located in glandular epithelium in top of kidney, and the last striated muscle tissue located in all body skeletons.

Arranged by

Class XI-IPA 1 / Group 7

1)       Achmad Bambang Reynaldi

2)     Ayi Abdul Basith

3)       Dewi Sartika

4)     Jassem Husein

5)       Nadya Nur Azizah Rahayu